Article PDF Available

Qualitative Inquiry Process

Dewan Mahboob Hossain at University of Dhaka

Abstract and Figures

This article provides with an overview of the qualitative research methods. Over last few decades, qualitative research is getting very popular in the fields of business, sociology, psychology and others. This article, in its introduction, gives a general thought about the qualitative inquiry. And then it discusses the main differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods. The commodity besides discusses about the ethical bug important for qualitative research. Lastly it discusses almost the several approaches and information collection methods of qualitative research.

Characteristics of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Source: Creswell, J.W. (2002), Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research, Prentice Hall, NJ.

Content may be subject to copyright.

Join for gratuitous

Content may be subject to copyright.

Qualitative Research Procedure

Dewan Mahboob HOSSAIN 1

Abstract:

This article provides with an overview of the qualitative research methods.

Over last few decades, qualitative research is getting very pop in the fields of

business, sociology, psychology and others. This commodity, in its introduction, gives a

general idea about the qualitative inquiry. Then it discusses the chief differences

between qualitative and quantitative research methods. The article likewise discusses about

the ethical problems of import for qualitative research. Lastly it discusses about the

several approaches and information collection methods of qualitative research.

Keywords:

Qualitative research, quantitative enquiry.

ane Dewan Mahboob HOSSAIN - Banana Professor; Department of Accounting &

Information Systems; Faculty of Concern Studies; University of Dhaka; Dhaka-1000;

Bangladesh. Email: shumon2657@yahoo.com



HOSSAIN, D., M., (2011) Qualitative Inquiry Process, in Postmodern Openings, Year2, Vol.7, September, 2011, pp: 143-156

Postmodern Openings

Introduction:

The main objective of this writing is to requite a general overview

of qualitative research process. In full general, enquiry tin can be classified into

two wide classes and they are quantitative and qualitative. Though

Quantitative research has a relatively longer history, in recent years,

qualitative research gained momentum. Typically quantitative enquiry

methods are used within the positivist enquiry image and qualitative

methods are used in the interpretivist paradigm (Cavana, Delahaye and

Sekaran, 2000).

Positivism offers balls of unambiguous and accurate

noesis of the earth (Crotty, 1998). The origin of positive research

lies in the natural sciences. This enquiry paradigm uses precise, objective

measures and is usually associated with quantitative data and this

research is based on the supposition that there is a set of universal laws

out there waiting to be discovered (Cavana, Delahaye and Sekaran,

2000). Interpretivist research believes that it is more likely that people

experience physical and social reality in different means, and, that is why,

rather than producing general, predictive laws near human behavior,

interpretivist research presents a rich and circuitous description of how

people think, react and feel under sure contextually specific situations

(Cavana, Delahaye and Sekaran, 2000).

Willig (2001) says that: "Qualitative research is concerned with

significant in context. It involves the estimation of information.... Qualitative

research acknowledges a subjective chemical element in the research process.

References to creativity and subjectivity tin can easily invoke romantic

notions of artistic endeavor and intuitive insight, which, in turn, are

often contrasted with notions of scientific rigors and objectivity".

According to Creswell (2003), qualitative procedures stand in stark

contrast to the methods of quantitative research every bit qualitative enquiry

employs different knowledge claims, strategies of enquiry, and methods

of data collection and analysis. Qualitative research seeks to collect an in-

depth insight into human being behavior and the causes that straight that

behavior. Qualitative research has its heredity in social science and is

more concerned with finding out why people behave as they do. It is

concerned with the cognition, attitudes, beliefs, fears, etc. of people.



HOSSAIN, D., M., (2011) Qualitative Inquiry Process, in Postmodern Openings, Year2, Vol.7, September, 2011, pp: 143-156

Qualitative Enquiry Procedure

Dewan Mahboob HOSSAIN

Creswell (1998) states that qualitative research is an inquiry process of

understanding based on distinct methodological traditions of research that

explore a social or human being problem, and in this case, the researcher builds

a complex, holistic motion picture, analyzes words, reports detailed views of

information and conducts the study in a natural setting. In this case, the

researchers depend on the causes behind diverse aspects of behavior.

Willig (2001) asserts that, qualitative researchers are interested in

how people brand sense of the world and how they feel events.

An advantage and uniqueness of qualitative inquiry is that it lets the

subjects being studied to provide with better and richer answers to

questions given to them past the researcher. Thus it helps to get for

effective insights that might accept been ignored by any other method. It

is said that qualitative researchers examine the 'why' and 'how' questions

and not but the 'what', 'where', and 'when' questions. For this reason

qualitative researchers demand for smaller only focused samples rather

than large random samples. These days Qualitative enquiry can be

found in all the social sciences – economics, psychology, sociology,

anthropology, politics, geography and law – and in the applied fields that

derive from them such as nursing research, pharmacy exercise research,

social work research and then on (Irish potato, et. al., 1998).

Quantitative and Qualitative Research: A Comparing:

Generally in doing a quantitative research an overarching

structure is needed just it is not the example of a qualitative enquiry. Rather,

each type of qualitative research is conducted following specific

philosophical bearing that are connected to each observable fact. Almost

qualitative research results are presented equally themes. Statistical analysis is

ordinarily avoided. The reason, in this example, is that the participants practise not

make upward a randomly selected representative sample. In most of the cases,

the sample size is quite pocket-sized. It is too not necessary that all the

participants will be inquired exactly with the identical questions. One of

the greatest strengths of the qualitative arroyo is the richness and

depth of explorations and descriptions and those who are non familiar

with qualitative methodology may be surprised by the sheer volume of

data and the detailed level of analysis that results fifty-fifty when research is



HOSSAIN, D., M., (2011) Qualitative Enquiry Process, in Postmodern Openings, Year2, Vol.7, September, 2011, pp: 143-156

Postmodern Openings

confined to a pocket-sized number of subjects (Myers, 2002). Ragin (1994)

distinguishes betwixt quantitative and qualitative research as follows:

"The fundamental features common to all qualitative methods tin be seen

when they are contrasted with quantitative methods. Virtually quantitative

data techniques are data condensers. They condense data in social club to see

the big picture....Qualitative methods, past contrast, are best understood as

data enhancers. When information are enhanced, information technology is possible to run across key aspects

of cases more than clearly".

Kumar (2005) states that qualitative and quantitative research

methodologies differ in the philosophy that underpins their fashion of

inquiry as well equally, to some extent, in methods, models and procedures

used. Creswell (2002) described an viii-pace model of enquiry and

distinguished the characteristics of these steps between the qualitative

and quantitative approaches (Figure 1):

Figure 1: Characteristics of Qualitative and Quantitative Research

Source: Creswell, J.W. (2002), Educational Inquiry: Planning,

Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Inquiry,

Prentice Hall, NJ.



HOSSAIN, D., Grand., (2011) Qualitative Inquiry Procedure, in Postmodern Openings, Year2, Vol.7, September, 2011, pp: 143-156

Qualitative Enquiry Process

Dewan Mahboob HOSSAIN

Kumar (2005) also states that:

"Though the research process is broadly the same in both, quantitative

and qualitative researches are differentiated in terms of the methods of information

collection, the procedures adopted for data processing and analysis, and the style

of communication of the findings. If your research problem lends itself to a

qualitative style of inquiry, you lot are more than likely to use the unstructured interview

or ascertainment every bit your method of data drove. When analyzing data in

qualitative research y'all go through the process of identifying themes and

describing what you lot have found out during your interviews or ascertainment rather

than subjecting your data to statistical procedures. "

Neuman (1997) identifies the following differences betwixt the

qualitative and the quantitative style (Table 1):

Table 1: Quantitative Fashion versus Qualitative Style

A more detailed description of these differences tin can exist institute in

Annexure-1. The written report is classified every bit qualitative if the purpose of the

written report is primarily to draw a situation, phenomenon, problem or issue

(Kumar, 2005). Both qualitative and quantitative approaches have their

strengths and weaknesses, and advantages and disadvantages and neither

ane is markedly superior to the other in all respects (Kumar, 2005;

Ackroyd and Hughes, 1992).



HOSSAIN, D., M., (2011) Qualitative Inquiry Process, in Postmodern Openings, Year2, Vol.7, September, 2011, pp: 143-156

Postmodern Openings

Characteristics of Qualitative Research:

Creswell (2003) has identified the following characteristics of a

qualitative enquiry:

Qualitative research takes identify in natural setting. The

qualitative researcher often goes to the site (abode, office) of

participants to conduct the research.

Qualitative research uses multiple methods that are

interactive and humanistic. The methods of data drove

are growing, and they increasingly involve active participation

by participants and sensitivity to the participants in the report.

Qualitative research is emergent rather than tightly

prefigured. Several aspects emerge during a qualitative study.

The inquiry questions may change and be refined every bit the

inquirer learns what to ask and to whom it should be asked.

Qualitative research is fundamentally interpretive. This

means that the researcher makes an interpretation of the

data. The researcher filters the data through a personal lens

that is situated in a specific sociopolitical and historical

moment.

The qualitative researcher views social phenomena holistically.

This explains why qualitative enquiry studies announced as wide,

panoramic views rather than micro-analyses. The more complex,

interactive, and encompassing the narrative, the better the qualitative

study.

The qualitative researcher uses circuitous reasoning that is

multifaceted, iterative, and simultaneous.

The qualitative researcher adopts and uses one or more than strategies

of research as a guide for the procedures in the qualitative study.

Ethical Considerations in Qualitative Enquiry:

Participants play a vital role in instance of qualitative research.

Qualitative research looks to the human-as-an-instrument for the

collection and analysis of data, as in this case, it is believed that but a

man can be responsive, adaptable and holistic so as to explore the

atypical or idiosyncratic responses that surface during an interaction with



HOSSAIN, D., M., (2011) Qualitative Research Process, in Postmodern Openings, Year2, Vol.7, September, 2011, pp: 143-156

Qualitative Research Procedure

Dewan Mahboob HOSSAIN

a respondent (Maykut and Morehouse, 1994 and Cavana, Delahaye and

Sekaran, 2000). Willig (2001) states that:

"The part of participants in qualitative research tin differ

dramatically from that of the 'subjects' of quantitative studies. There are,

however, also big differences between qualitative methodologies in this

regard. At one stop of the continuum, in that location are qualitative

methodologies, such as feminist approaches, participatory activity

research, or memory work, where distinction between researcher and

participant is blurred. Hither, the researcher becomes a participant in the

inquiry, and the participants contribute to the assay of the data they

generate at the other end of the continuum, there are qualitative

methodologies, such as conversation analysis or discursive psychology,

where participants generate the blazon of information required by the researcher

without whatever further involvement in the research. "

So, the treatment of participants becomes a vital issue in instance of

qualitative research. Every bit a result, the consequence of upstanding considerations gets a

greater emphasis in this kind of inquiry. Elmes et al. (1995) highlights

the post-obit basic ethical considerations that apply to the treatment of

participants:

Informed Consent: The researcher should ensure that

participants are fully informed about the research process

and give their consent to participate in the inquiry before

data collection takes identify.

No deception: Deception of participants should exist avoided

altogether. The only justification for deception is when there

is no other way to answer the research question and the

potential do good of the research far exceeds any run a risk to the

participants.

Correct to withdraw: The researcher should ensure that

participants feel free to withdraw from participation in the

study without fear of beingness penalized.

Debriefing: The researcher should ensure that, after information

collection, participants are informed about the full aims of

the research. Ideally, they should also take access to whatsoever

publications arising from the study they took function in.



HOSSAIN, D., M., (2011) Qualitative Enquiry Process, in Postmodern Openings, Year2, Vol.7, September, 2011, pp: 143-156

Postmodern Openings

Confidentiality: The researcher should maintain consummate

confidentiality regarding whatever information nigh participants

caused during the enquiry process.

According to Willig (2001), researchers should protect their

participants from whatever harm or loss, and they should aim to preserve their

psychological well-existence and dignity at all times.

The Approaches in Qualitative Research:

The master types of qualitative research approaches are: Case

study, Grounded theory, Phenomenology, Ethnography and, Narratives

(Creswell, 2003).

a. Case Study: According to Willig (2001): The instance study is not

itself a research method, instead, it constitutes and approach to the written report

of singular entities, which may involve the use of a broad range of various

methods of data collection and analysis. This is an extensive investigation

of just one person, group or event. The focus of example written report is upon a

particular unit and that is the case. A case can exist an system, a metropolis, a

grouping of people, a community, a patient, a schoolhouse etc. (Willig, 2001). The

social unit beingness studied defines the example report, whether it is a person, a

program, a visitor, a situation or any (Maylor and Blackmon,

2005). The strength of example study is that it can have an case on an

activity – 'an instance in action' –and utilize multiple methods and data

sources to explore it and interrogate it and thus it can achieve a rich

clarification of a phenomenon (Stark and Torrance, 2005). Neuman

(1997) states that a qualitative researcher may use a instance written report arroyo

where he/she might assemble a large corporeality of information on i or few

cases, go into greater depth, and get more than details on cases being

examined. The case written report allows an investigation to retain the holistic

and meaningful characteristics of real life events- such equally individual life

cycles, organizational and managerial processes, neighborhood change,

international relations, and the maturation of industries (Yin, 1994). The

case study researcher goes for data analysis in a different way in

comparison to quantitative researchers.



HOSSAIN, D., Yard., (2011) Qualitative Research Process, in Postmodern Openings, Year2, Vol.seven, September, 2011, pp: 143-156

Qualitative Research Process

Dewan Mahboob HOSSAIN

Case (taken from Neuman, 1997):

A quantitative researcher surveys ane,000 married couples. He/she

discovers that women perform the household chore of washing dishes in

lxx% of the cases in which the women works outside the home, and in

xc% cases when the woman is a full time homemaker. A qualitative

researcher conducts a instance study. He/she observes all chores and daily

activities of 10 married couples for six months. The qualitative

researcher discovers that if the woman works exterior the home,

interpersonal tensions over doing chores is greater, and the male is likely

to assist in pocket-sized household chores merely does non accept full responsibility

of traditional female person tasks.

Stark and Torrance (2005) identifies that the weakness of instance

study is that it is non possible to generalize statistically from 1 or a

small number of cases to the population every bit a whole.

b. Grounded Theory: Strauss and Corbin (1990) states that

grounded theory is a qualitative research method that uses a systematic

set of procedures to develop an inductively derived theory about a

miracle. Theory develops during the data collection procedure, i.due east.,

theory is built from data or grounded in the information (Neuman, 1997).

Grounded theory is a method of discovering new theory. The purpose of

grounded theory is to build a theory that is faithful to the evidence

(Neuman, 1997).

c. Phenomenology: Willig (2001) states that phenomenology is

concerned with the ways in which human beings gain cognition of the

world around them, moreover, phenomenology identifies unlike

approaches to human understanding and information technology argues that sure forms of

knowing may be more effective than others. In a phenomenological

research, the researcher identifies the essence of human experiences

concerning a phenomenon as described past participants in a written report

(Creswell, 2003). For example, Lauterbach (1993) studies five women

who had lost a baby in late pregnancy and their memories and

experiences of this loss. Patton (1990) says that the key question of

phenomenology is 'what is the experience of an activity or concept from

these detail participants' perspective?'



HOSSAIN, D., M., (2011) Qualitative Enquiry Process, in Postmodern Openings, Year2, Vol.7, September, 2011, pp: 143-156

Postmodern Openings

d. Ethnography: The discussion 'ethno' means people or folk and the

pregnant of 'graphy' is to describe something. The origin of ethnography

is in cultural anthropology. Ethnography ways describing a culture and

agreement another way of life from the native point of view

(Neuman, 1997). Here the researcher studies an intact cultural group in a

natural setting over a prolonged period of time by collecting primarily

observational data (Creswell, 2003). Patton (1990) says that the key

question of ethnography is 'what are the cultural patterns and

perspectives of this group in its natural setting?' Ethnography is carried

out in a natural setting (not in a laboratory) involving intimate, confront-to-

face interaction with the participants and it presents an authentic

reflection of participants' perspectives and behaviors by using the

concept of culture every bit a lens through which to translate results

(LeCompte and Schensul, 1999).

e. Narrative: Creswell (2003) says that narrative research is a class

of inquiry in which the researcher studies the lives of individuals and

asks one or more individuals to provide stories well-nigh their lives then

this information is retold or restoried by the researcher into a narrative

chronology.

Some other pop approach of qualitative research is 'activity

research'. Activeness enquiry is intended to result in the solution or

improvement of a applied trouble (Krathwohl, 1998). This kind of

inquiry can solve the problems especially in the field of instruction,

social work, library science etc. This kind of inquiry is mainly carried

out by the persons facing a trouble or considering adopting a practice

(Krathwohl, 1998).

Primary Methods of Information Drove in Qualitative Research:

In that location are three main methods for collecting information in qualitative

research. The resulting data is by and large recorded so examined

using one of a range of methods for analysis. The three chief methods of

data collection are:



HOSSAIN, D., M., (2011) Qualitative Inquiry Procedure, in Postmodern Openings, Year2, Vol.7, September, 2011, pp: 143-156

Qualitative Research Process

Dewan Mahboob HOSSAIN

a. Focus groups: In this method of information drove, the researcher

brings together a small number of subjects/respondents to talk most on

the area of interest. The group size is kept consciously small, and so that its

members can convey opinions unreservedly. A 'topic guide' to facilitate

conversation is usually prepared in accelerate and the researcher typically

leads the group to ensure that a diversity of facets of the topic are

discovered. The discussion is normally tape-recorded, so transcribed

and analyzed.

b. Direct observation: In this method, data tin can either be collected by

an external observer (oft termed every bit a not-participant observer) or by a

participant observer who can be a part of staff performing normal duties

while observing the processes. In this type of study the researcher tries

to go a role of the population being examined. In this way the

researchers they can get an in depth insight of the values and beliefs of

the members of the population.

c. In-depth interviews: In interviews, normally, subjects are

interviewed individually. Interviews in qualitative research are mostly

broad ranging, penetrating issues in details. They rarely involve asking a

set of preset questions. Every bit a substitute, they persuade subjects to convey

their views in details. This can disclose more about behavior and attitudes

and beliefs. The researcher may be able to acquire more thorough

information for each subject.

The concept of sampling has a little importance in example of

qualitative enquiry. Kumar (2005) says that in qualitative enquiry, to

explore the diversity, the researcher needs to attain what is known equally

saturation bespeak and when he/she finds that he/she is not obtaining any

new data, or the new data is negligible, the researcher is assumed

to accept reached saturation indicate. This signal is a subjective judgment that

is decided by the researcher.

Conclusion:

Qualitative research has been criticized for its flexibilities by

many quantitative research supporters. One of the most criticized issues

is that in this kind of research, just small numbers of subjects tin can be



HOSSAIN, D., 1000., (2011) Qualitative Inquiry Process, in Postmodern Openings, Year2, Vol.vii, September, 2011, pp: 143-156

Postmodern Openings

investigated and analyzed as the data collection methods are very much

labor intensive. In that location is too a chance of researcher's bias. In example of

qualitative research, analyzing the information in a precise fashion is a very difficult

task. Qualitative research suffers from the inability of reproducibility and

generalization of the findings. The findings may not be valid to other

subjects or settings. Even after having these drawbacks, qualitative

enquiry is addressed as a good inquiry approach among so many

research schools of the globe for its in-depth assay chapters and

bonny description styles.

References:

Ackroyd, S., Hughes, J. (1992) Data Collection in Context , Longman, NY.

Cavana, R. Y., Delahaye, B. L., Sekaran, U. (2000) Practical Business

Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods, John Wiley & Sons

Australia Ltd., Australia.

Creswell, J. Westward. (1998) Qualitative Research and Research Design: Choosing among

5 Traditions, Sage Publications, London.

Creswell, J.W. (2002) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and

Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research, Prentice Hall, NJ.

Creswell, J. W. (2003) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed

Methods Approach, 2nd edition, Sage Publications, London.

Crotty, 1000. (1998) The Foundations of Social Inquiry , Sage Publications,

London,

Elmes, D.G., Kantowitz, Z.H. and Roediger, H.Fifty. (1995) Enquiry Methods

in Psychology, 5th edition, West Publications Company, St Paul.

Krathwohl, D.R. (1998) Methods of Educational and Social Science Research:

An Integrated Approach, 2nd edition, Waveland Press Inc., Illinois.

Kumar, R. (2005) Inquiry Methodology A Step-by-pace Guide for Beginners, 2nd

edition, Pearson Didactics, Australia.

Lauterbach, Due south.Due south. (1993) In another earth: A Phenomenological

perspective and discovery of meaning in mothers' experience

with death of a wished-for babe: doing phenomenology, in

Munhall, P.L. and Boyd, C.O. (eds.) Nursing Inquiry: A Qualitative

Perspective, National League for Nursing Printing, NY.

LeCompte, M.D. and Schensul, J.J. (1999) Designing and Conducting

Ethnographic Research, Bowman & Littlefield, Lanham, MD.

Maykut, P. and Morehouse, R. (1994) First Qualitative Inquiry: A

Philosophic and Applied Guide, The Falmer Press, London.



HOSSAIN, D., M., (2011) Qualitative Inquiry Process, in Postmodern Openings, Year2, Vol.seven, September, 2011, pp: 143-156

Qualitative Research Process

Dewan Mahboob HOSSAIN

Maylor, H. and Blackmon, K. (2005) Researching Business and Management ,

Palgrave Macmillian, NY.

Murphy E, Dingwall R, Greatbatch D, Parker S and Watson P. (1998)

Qualitative inquiry methods in health technology assessment: a

review of the literature, in Wellness Technol Assessment, Vol. 2,

No.16.

Myers, M. (2000) Qualitative research and the generalizability question:

Continuing firm with Proteus, in The Qualitative Report , found in

http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR4-3/myers.html.

Neuman, Due west.L. (1997) Social Inquiry Methods Qualitative and Quantitative

Approaches, 3rd edition, Allyn and Bacon, Boston.

Patton, M.Q. (1990) Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods, Sage

Publications, London.

Ragin, C. (1994) Constructing Social Research , Pine Forge Press, CA.

Stark, S. and Torrance, H. (2005) Case Written report, in Somekh, B. and Lewin,

C. (eds.), Research Methods in the Social Sciences , Sage Publications,

London.

Strauss, A. and Corbin, J. (1990) Basics of Qualitative Enquiry: Grounded

Theory Procedures and Techniques, Sage, CA.

Willig, C. (2001) Introducing Qualitative Research in Psychology , Open

Academy Press, Buckingham.

Yin, R.K. (1994) Instance Written report Research Design and Methods, second edition , Sage

Publications, London.



HOSSAIN, D., K., (2011) Qualitative Research Process, in Postmodern Openings, Year2, Vol.7, September, 2011, pp: 143-156

Postmodern Openings

Annexure-1:

Differences betwixt Qualitative and Quantitative Enquiry

(Kumar,2005)



HOSSAIN, D., M., (2011) Qualitative Research Process, in Postmodern Openings, Year2, Vol.7, September, 2011, pp: 143-156

... Grounded theory adalah metode yang digunakan dalam membangun teori baru. Tujuan grounded theory adalah membentuk teori yang didasarkan pada bukti (Hossain, 2011). ...

... Kekuatan studi kasus adalah dapat mengambil contoh pada suatu kegiatan serta dalam tindakan. Pendekatan ini menggunakan banyak metode dan sumber data untuk dijelajahi serta mengkajinya sehingga diperoleh deskripsi yang kaya tentang suatu fenomena (Hossain, 2011). ...

... Pendekatan penelitian ini adalah penelitian yang bertujuan untuk menelaah kehidupan seseorang/kelompok kemudian mereka atau kelompok tersebut diminta agar bercerita tentang kehidupan mereka dan kemudian informasi ini dinarasikan kembali atau diperbaiki peneliti menjadi sebuah narasi kronologi (Hossain, 2011). ...

  • Elidawaty Purba
  • Bonaraja Purba Bonaraja Purba
  • Ahmad Syafii
  • Kita Menulis

Isi buku ini adalah penjelasan penjelasan tentang konsep dasar penelitian ekonomi, penelitian kuantitatif dan kualitatif sehingga peneliti dapat memahami perbedaan antara kedua penelitian tersebut. Materi yang dibahas selanjutnya adalah rumusan masalah penelitian, variable penelitian dan Paradigma penelitian yang dilanjutkan dengan landasan teoritis dan hipotesis penelitian. Metoda dan tehnik pemilihan data, Tehnik pegumpulan data , tehnik analisa data , skala pengukuran, populasi dan sampel serta validitas dan reabilitas penelitian kualitatif merupakan materi berikutnya yang dibahas dalam buku ini untuk melengkapi pengetahuan para peneliti dalam melaksanakan suatu penelitian,kiranya para pembaca mampu memilih metode penelitian yang relevan dengan pertanyaan penelitian maupaun masalah yang hendak dipecahkan, keseluruhan materi diatas dirangkai dalam 11 bab.

... In other words, qualitative research attempts to have relevant and deeper explanations of the questions that the investigator asks the participants. Therefore, information technology tends to obtain an efficient understanding that might be potentially neglected in another method (Hossain, 2011). Moreover, qualitative studies are formed to investigate "how" and "why" not but "when", "what", and "where" problems happen, in this regard qualitative need a small number of participants simply more than focused compared to big randomly selected participants (Hossain, 2011;Murphy et al., 1998). ...

... Therefore, it tends to obtain an efficient understanding that might be potentially neglected in another method (Hossain, 2011). Moreover, qualitative studies are formed to investigate "how" and "why" not just "when", "what", and "where" problems happen, in this regard qualitative demand a small number of participants but more than focused compared to large randomly selected participants (Hossain, 2011;Murphy et al., 1998). ...

... One must deport in mind that perceptions cannot exist quantified, which makes the qualitative approach to this social phenomenon the best arroyo to understand people's behaviour from their perspective and experience (Hossain, 2011). Qualitative arroyo was appropriate in this report because it enabled the research to achieve the study objective by obtaining a rich depth information through the interactions with the participants. ...

  • Thulani Chauke Thulani Chauke

Immature people in South Africa are vulnerable to risky sexual behaviour. They tend to encounter sex equally a moment of pleasure, and neglect the consequence of such an act. The Southward African government run across information technology as essential to institutionalise sex education at primary schools to ensure that young people are well equipped with the necessary skills to increase their sexual knowledge and improve their behaviour. The implementation of sexual activity education at primary schools may seem, from an African perspective, like a way of encouraging youth from a young age to be sexually active. Still, the idea is to ensure that young people are knowledgeable about sexual action, given the fact that most of them in South Africa proceed to be exposed to high rates of sexual promiscuity. This paper explores young people'south reaction to the S African authorities'south decision to implement sexual activity education at primary schools and how information technology impacted their good for you sexual behaviour. The study's location was the Collins Chabane Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa. X young people – 5 males and five females, anile fourteen to 16 years former, were purposely sampled to participate in this study. A qualitative arroyo was used to explore their experience of the implementation of sex education at primary schools. A focus group was used to collect information, and thematic analysis was employed to carefully analyse the crucial themes that emerged from the data.

... This study uses a qualitative approach that is directed at the private background holistically / intact, Hossain (2011). So in this case it is not permissible to isolate individuals or organizations into variables or hypotheses, but view them as part of a whole. ...

  • Andala Barusman Andala Barusman
  • Soewito
  • Khomsahrial Romli

Supply chain implementation starting from the raw material to the customary source is as a single integrated activity rather than managing supply of goods as a series of separate activities. This study aims to discover out how the supply concatenation activities tin can be expected to exist efficient and how the entrepreneurial institutional development so that the institutions associated with the supply chain can play a more optimal role. The enquiry method used is a qualitative approach. The data assay used is describing the optimization of chili supply chain direction in Lampung Province and also provides an efficient chili supply chain model. The results obtained that the chili supply chain is still quite long and take non optimized the existing institutions, Bumdes (Village Endemic Enterprise) and TTI (Indonesian Farmer Shop). This is one of the triggers for ascent prices of chili.

  • Mohammad ZAKI Ahmad Mohammad ZAKI Ahmad

The present fisheries management regime for shared fish stocks in the South China Sea is arguably fragmented, inadequate and ineffective as States bordering this semi-enclosed ocean are nevertheless working in silos. Nevertheless, considering that all captured fish somewhen demand to be landed at port, the implementation of port State measures is seen equally the virtually feasible option to manage the said stocks sustainably. This paper aims to examine the prospect of establishing legally-bounden regional cooperation to back up the enforcement of port state measures for managing shared fish stocks in the Due south China Body of water. It begins by providing the biological and migratory profiles of shared fish stocks in this regional maritime water. It and so proceeds by examining the situation of the current fisheries cooperation system in implementing port Land measures. Port Land principles and measures prescribed in diverse international fisheries instruments, resolutions and conservation measures of regional fisheries management organization will be assessed. This approach is to generate a set of criteria of port States control regime for regional littoral States in South Mainland china Body of water to refer to and employ when managing shared fish stocks. The discussions in this newspaper are besides fatigued on the lesson learnt from the port Country control practices by individual States and regional fisheries organizations. This paper argues that the absenteeism of legally binding regional agreement for implementing port state measures has been an obstacle in attaining the goal of sustainable conservation of shared fish stocks across their migratory range in the disputed waters.

  • George Chikono George Chikono

The article provides a glimpse near the customs development concept in the rural communities of S Africa. It highlights the conceivable benefits of developmental epitome both at micro and macro levels of evolution. The developmental paradigm model is reckoned equally a system capable to transform the livelihood of most Due south Africans. The commodity goes on to insinuate to the affect of various community work projects/programmes, for example, gardening, poultry, and piggery amid other projects. However, the article likewise pin points the challenges impeding the implementation of strategies designed to propel community development/customs work projects in remote communities of Due south Africa.

This report sought to discuss how human resources departments could regulate the high turnovers that occur in companies worldwide if the organizations practice not have an constructive turnover policy, equally this involves strategic human resources management practices. Organizational functioning, with the situation Lebanon faced since July 2019 and the world since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-nineteen) lockdown in March 2020, saw major economic drawdowns and high rates of unemployment. Therefore as noticed at the American Academy of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC), among other firms, there were massive employee turnovers. Unlike Lebanese republic, the European countries, the U.k., and the United states, which were sampled for this research, saw a recovery possibility as their respective governments bailed out the firms that had suffered losses during the COVID-19 period, and as a effect, loss of staff, or knowledge, and decreases in productivity were minimized. Organizational functioning is linked to employee motivation, job rubber, and job security, as well as job satisfaction. Thus every bit previous studies had drawn a relationship between visitor conclusion-making and employee motivation, "described as a change in employee behavior after the decision is passed" likewise shows a link to COVID-nineteen.

  • Lina María García Méndez
  • María Alejandra Rolón Buenhaber

Aprender a escribir y leer correctamente, como adquirir cualquier otra habilidad o conocimiento, necesita práctica y disciplina suficientes que demostrarán en últimas que todo proceso de aprendizaje exige un trabajo autónomo constante. Si bien el apoyo en estos procesos en el ámbito académico es fundamental, el conocimiento se consolida de forma personal y para ello es necesario el trabajo independiente. En este artículo, se pretende indagar sobre las razones por las cuales los estudiantes asisten al Centro de Lectura y Escritura Académica de la Universidad EAN.Aunque la mayoría de los testimonios muestran que los interesados, que por lo general tienen debilidad a la hora de escribir, acuden para mejorar por medio de la tutoría de pares; sin embargo, se cree que pueden existir otra serie de motivos por los cuales united nations estudiante determine tomar las tutorías.

  • Tulia Casvean Tulia Casvean

Available in the widest multifariousness of forms, with or without the "story" or the scoring, played alone (unmarried role player), with a few partners (multiplayer) or with many others (massive multiplayer online games), the videogames categories are built on multiple perspectives that depend on the observer and his or her agenda. Embedded in the popular culture, videogames exploit models and formal containers, pre-worked materials, well-known heroes, stereotypes and myths. Paraphrasing Umberto Eco, (1989) different videogame categories go a "playing contract" between producers and players, who should instantly recognize on its footing the videogame'south genre -characterized by multiple meanings, functions, production models and audience expectations, and evolving through fourth dimension. The overall understanding of videogames depends on defining their genre framework as opposed to labels or marketing tools used past the game producers – a blueprint that requires an organisation of specific elements. While not proposing an exhaustive genre categorization, this paper aims to assess the plot as a suitable criterion for videogame genre framework by correlating the specialists' opinions on plot usage with the mode in which the plot is reflected into the game features. The findings and the conclusion of this paper are supported by in-depth interviews with industry professionals and by a videogames plot evaluation grid built in line with the methodology proposed by Aarseth, Smedetad and Sunnanå (2003) and Tobias' plot evaluation (1993).

  • Margaret Myers

Qualitative studies are tools used in agreement and describing the world of human experience. Since we maintain our humanity throughout the research procedure, information technology is largely impossible to escape the subjective feel, even for the nearly seasoned of researchers. Every bit we keep through the research process, our humanness informs us and oftentimes directs usa through such subtleties as intuition or 'aha' moments. Speaking about the world of human experience requires an extensive commitment in terms of time and dedication to process; notwithstanding, this earth is oft dismissed equally 'subjective' and regarded with suspicion. This paper acknowledges that small qualitative studies are not generalizable in the traditional sense, all the same have redeeming qualities that set them higher up that requirement.

Background: Qualitative inquiry involves the drove, analysis and interpretation of data that are non hands reduced to numbers. These data relate to the social world and the concepts and behaviours of people inside it. Qualitative research can be found in all social sciences and in the applied fields that derive from them, for case, research in health services, nursing and chemist's. These research methods are not a recent invention just their application in wellness technology assessment (HTA) or health services research may exist novel. In gild for commissioners and researchers to utilise these methods and gain valuable knowledge from the results obtained, information technology is important that they empathise the principles of qualitative methods and the manner that they may be used to fix criterion standards. Objective: The objective of this review was to examine the nature and status of qualitative methods in relation to their potential uses in HTA. Methods: The search tools often used for systematic reviews were non appropriate for this review as it would be necessary to cover the equivalents of MEDLINE in a range of disciplines and applied fields, many of which do not have databases of comparable coverage. In addition, of import methodological writing in the field of social scientific discipline started long earlier indexing for reckoner databases, and much of the almost significant work has been published in books rather than journals. Having set the boundaries and organised the categories for this review, therefore, the authors read every bit widely and as comprehensively as was feasible in the time available. The authors have compared different researchers' approaches to the aforementioned issue and examined the work of authors who offer different perspectives. Perspective: Idealists versus realists. Qualitative work is often identified with idealism while quantitative work is identified with realism. Still, most qualitative researchers have that there is an objective, cloth world, as practice realists, merely question our ability to know this directly. In the social sciences, what people perceive or believe is the basis of their actions rather than what an impartial observer might call back was actually truthful. Qualitative versus quantitative methods: The goal of all enquiry in HTA should be to plant knowledge about which we can be reasonably confident, and to provide findings that are relevant to policy makers and practitioners. Therefore, decisions almost whether qualitative or quantitative methods (or a combination of both) are nearly advisable to a particular enquiry problem should be made on the ground of which arroyo is probable to answer the question nigh finer and efficiently. Qualitative methods are useful in the exploratory stages of a research project, where they will oftentimes help to clarify or even prepare the research question, aid conceptualisation and generate hypotheses for later inquiry. Qualitative methods may also exist used to translate, authorize or illuminate the findings of quantitative research and to test hypotheses. Qualitative research is especially useful to policy makers and planners by providing descriptive information and understanding of the context in which policies will be implemented. Sampling and generalising: In sampling decisions in qualitative research, pragmatic considerations should be integrated with sampling in a systematic way but as in quantitative research; opportunistic sampling should be avoided if possible. The emergent nature of qualitative research means that sampling decisions need to be made throughout the study; such decisions should again be systematic and principled. Where the aim is to build or develop theory, subjects should be selected accordingly; such theoretical sampling makes utilize of existing theory to make predictions, then seeks subjects who let the researcher to test the robustness of such predictions under dissimilar conditions. Methods of qualitative research: Participant observation. Participant observation tin be used to study the impact of technologies upon the routine performance of the setting in which they are to be implemented. Participant observation may also exist used to review health technologies currently in practice, and has the potential for uncovering the process through which professional inputs are transformed into patient/customer outcomes thereby identifying opportunities for modifying current practise to improve outcomes. Interviews: Qualitative interview techniques are used, particularly in exploratory research, to study the range and complexity of ideas and definitions employed by individuals and groups involved in the implementation of health technologies. Both qualitative and quantitative interviewing share the same primal problem, yet, in that they rely upon interviewees' reports and such reports are necessarily constrained by the context in which they are collected. Written records: The analysis of written records has an of import contribution to make to our agreement of the processes and consequences associated with new technologies. In addition, documents such as health diaries may provide important information on the implementation of wellness technologies. Conversation analysis: The techniques of chat analysis can provide detailed data on the impact of new technologies upon healthcare settings, the organisation of professional work and the interactions between health professionals and patients. Research ethics: The same ethical principles utilise to qualitative and quantitative enquiry in HTA. The mechanical awarding of ethical codes developed in the context of biomedicine may exist unduly constraining in qualitative enquiry and may distract from those upstanding risks which are specific to qualitative research. Covert enquiry will rarely, if ever, be justified in HTA. Such research is probable to be a betrayal of trust and a gross invasion of privacy. Assessment of qualitative research: The aforementioned assessment criteria of validity and relevance are appropriate for both qualitative and quantitative research in HTA. Relevance: The relevance of HTA inquiry is related to its potential generalisability to groups or settings beyond those studied. Given that nearly qualitative enquiry is based on a single example or just a small number of subjects, the generalisability of qualitative research is accomplished by the generation of theoretical statements, which may guide policy makers only remain to be tested through application in other contexts. Data treatment: HTA commissioners should look for evidence that applicants intend to employ systematic methods for coding and handling their qualitative data and that methods proposed for analysing such information are appropriate to the research objective. Computerised assay packages for qualitative data offering an efficient way of handling qualitative data sets and may amend the rigour of the analysis by facilitating searches for falsifying testify. Nevertheless, such programs should be used only as a means of facilitating the analysis process rather than carrying out the analysis, which depends upon the theoretical sensitivity of the analyst. Judgements about the validity of research depend upon beingness able to form a judgement of the research process. Researchers therefore need to provide a detailed record of their methods. Given the non-standardized nature of qualitative research, such records are probable to be more elaborate than in reports of quantitative research. The trustworthiness of data analyses is enhanced where researchers tin can demonstrate that they accept considered alternative plausible explanations for their information. The validity of inquiry findings is enhanced where the researchers increase our understanding of all members in a setting and exercise not nowadays one-sided accounts. Confidence in the validity of findings is increased where there is prove of researcher sensitivity to the means in which the data take been shaped by the researchers' presence. While the practices of respondent validation and triangulation may increase the comprehensiveness of a report, neither can be treated as tests of the validity findings. Conclusion: There are strengths and limitations to qualitative approaches as there are to quantitative methods. Notwithstanding, where qualitative research is conducted properly and data analysed thoroughly, this approach can provide valuable information on the implementation and touch of health technologies on both health professionals and patients.

This is an introductory text on the procedure of research in business concern and management. Information technology will enable undergraduate, taught postgraduates and MBA students to develop the skills to carry out rigorous research, using a structured approach to the research procedure from defining the research question, through the selection of methods, to producing a last report. The authors' style is friendly and supportive, occasionally humorous, and they admit the chaos, uncertainty and sometimes complication inherent in research projects. Inquiry methodologies are explained with great clarity, relating theory to exercise throughout. There is a comprehensive website to accompany this text including both lecturer and student resources. Likewise available is a companion website with actress features to accompany the text, please accept a look by clicking beneath - http://world wide web.palgrave.com/business/maylorblackmon/index.htm

  • Margaret Lecompte Margaret Lecompte

What is ethnography? -- When, where, and by whom should ethnography exist used? -- Paradigms for framing the conduct of ethnographic research -- An overview of research design -- Choosing and designing an ethnographic inquiry question -- Collecting ethnographic data -- Information assay : how ethnographers make sense of their data -- Identifying and building research teams and research partnerships -- Applying ethnography -- Protection of risk to human being subjects and the ethics of ethnographic fieldwork

The Foundations of Social Inquiry

  • Thousand Crotty
  • D G Elmes
  • Z H Kantowitz
  • H L Roediger

Crotty, Chiliad. (1998) The Foundations of Social Research, Sage Publications, London, Elmes, D.G., Kantowitz, Z.H. and Roediger, H.L. (1995) Research Methods in Psychology, 5th edition, West Publications Company, St Paul.

In another world: A Phenomenological perspective and discovery of meaning in mothers' feel with death of a wished-for infant: doing phenomenology

  • R Kumar

Kumar, R. (2005) Research Methodology A Step-by-step Guide for Beginners, second edition, Pearson Teaching, Australia. Lauterbach, Due south.S. (1993) In another world: A Phenomenological perspective and discovery of meaning in mothers' experience with death of a wished-for babe: doing phenomenology, in

Beginning Qualitative Enquiry: A Philosophic and Practical Guide

  • P Maykut
  • R Morehouse

Maykut, P. and Morehouse, R. (1994) Get-go Qualitative Research: A Philosophic and Practical Guide, The Falmer Press, London. Qualitative Research Procedure Dewan Mahboob HOSSAIN